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• Camera: 16MP+2MP dual rear camera with human face priority exposer, Portrait mode, AI Beauty | 25MP front camera
• Display: 16 centimetres (6.3-inch) multi-touch capacitive screen with 1080 x 2340 pixels resolution, 409 ppi pixel density and 16.7M color support
• Memory, Storage and SIM: 6GB RAM | 128GB internal memory expandable up to 256GB | Dual nano SIM with dual-standby (4G+4G)
• Operating System and Processor: Android v8.1 Oreo based on ColorOS 5.2 operating system with 2GHz Mediatek Helio P60 octa core processor
• Battery: 3500mAH lithium-polymer battery
• Warranty: 1 year manufacturer warranty for device and 6 months manufacturer warranty for in-box accessories including batteries from the date of purchase
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Why Your Business Needs Digital Marketing Services

Why Your Business Needs Digital Marketing Services

Modern world screams technology from every angle, people are well occupied with their busy and demanding schedules, and don't have time to look out for different brands, products and upcoming projects through the means of offline marketing, such as: paper-based newspapers, books, communication methods and traditional TV and radio broadcasts. In the current scenario internet and mobile phones are the most picked method to share any information, so when the term Digital Marketing is discussed, customers can access the information any time and any place as per their convenience. Internet and globalization have shrunk the world to an axis point, where people from all over the globe can access the information via computers, tablets or mobiles. Digital marketing is indeed a blessing for the business owners, where they can influence the image of their companies via digital marketing and can reach up to a larger chunk of customers globally.
You Should Do Digital Marketing
In the era of technology, where Smartphone rules our life, we feel bound to access the product details online only through, mobiles, computers or tablets. A business turns does not mean the huge traffic on the product website, but that traffic converting to leads or boosting the sales. Online Marketing, is a tool which works on your customer's psychology with the attractive content, ads followed by various other marketing tactics, Digital Marketing tools and techniques provide business owners the best chances for competition, survival and even for the business boost.
Asking Price
The first and the foremost reason to opt for digital marketing is, but obviously the cost-factor, which is quite economical, being compared to traditional offline marketing methods. To illustrate the fact a TV ad or newspaper advertisement can cost huge and with no guarantee of being noticed by everybody, on the contrary an email or social media campaign, can reach out to a mass population globally.
Reliable Customer's Feedback
Another benefit, which really suits the need of the business, is the real-time and reliable customer feedback and reviews to upgrade the services with time. With digital marketing pattern business owners don't need to spend excessively on surveys and customers' feedback, but the unbiased information can be attained through internet marketing and ultimately win the customer's trust. The better revenue growth expectancy of either small or medium enterprises can extend to 4 times much better by using digital marketing techniques, since it lets the product available to go larger and farther reaching markets both locally and abroad.
Brand Recognition
Online Marketing proves beneficial for the brand reputation, with satisfied customers and their real-time feedback, business owners can reach to other potential set of customers. This helps the business owners to make the brand reputation go viral as expected, further opening new doors of opportunities for reaching bigger markets and attain business growth.
Conversion Optimization
Since the current era is turning more digital, than people do have the access over their gadgets at every time and business owners can remain available with their product, regardless of their time-zone restrictions and ultimately a larger reach to the consumers would lead to conversion, because the consumer would get what they are looking for a per their convenience. Without conversion, all the traffic would mean nothing and all the other marketing efforts would end in despair. This is the sole reason, why business owners put more efforts towards the digital marketing campaigns.
Key Digital Marketing Tools
Digital Marketing can be done in various ways, below mentioned are a few of the major keys, although with the upcoming innovative technology methods, more would be added to this list.

• Websites and SEO content
• Blogs
• Internet banner ads
• Online video content
• Pay-per-click (PPC) advertising
• Email marketing
• Social media marketing (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.)
• Mobile marketing (SMS, MMS, etc.)

When a customer walks into a shop, the first step he/she follows is to inspect the product and then might leave without buying anything. Undeniably a larger number only come and go and very small groups make a buy. Even if the product website receives tons of website visitors daily or weekly, but none of them ever convert, then it's alarming, because it leads to clear indication that the business will also cease to exist. Digital Marketing helps the business owners to utilize the tried and tested marketing tactics, which not just attract the superfluous traffic, but highly potential target traffic and would ensure the survival of the business.

You can get in touch with our team to discuss further your concept to bring into reality. The discussion would help you to gain a better ranking of your business.

What Is Digital Marketing? A Guide to Marketing in Today's Digital World

What Is Digital Marketing? A Guide to Marketing in Today's Digital World

In the world of business development and branding, going digital is all the buzz. So just what is digital marketing and how can we use it to grow our businesses?

Digital Marketing Defined

Digital marketing is the advertising and promotion of businesses and their brands through digital media channels. Digital media, at the moment, includes websites, social media, radio, television, mobile and even forms of traditionally non-digital media such as billboards and transit signs. Essentially any marketing media that is delivered electronically is considered digital marketing.

This leaves only various forms of person-to-person ( P 2 P ) marketing, print advertising and direct marketing outside of the digital marketing umbrella. Even then, print ads, direct mail, print directories, billboards and posters are all starting to connect to their digital counterparts. With items like URL landing pages, QR codes, web banner advertising, online directories and text codes, traditional marketing and advertising almost always has a digital marketing connection.

Why the Focus on Digital Media?

The shift to digital media is being driven by marketing agencies, business owners and consumers alike. The ever-increasing demand to show quantifiable results makes going digital a dream for the digital marketing agency. Most digital media, including websites, social media and mobile advertising is much easier to track than traditional marketing media such as print advertising.

For business owners, many forms of digital advertising are very low cost. Having a web presence, engaging customers in conversations through social media and e-mail marketing are low cost alternatives to print advertising and direct mail. These digital channels are available to businesses of any size, and help to even the playing field for start-ups, small businesses and independent consultants seeking new business.

For consumers, the fast pace of life makes digital advertising a must. When consumers are in need of goods and services, gone are the days of thumbing through a phone book to find them. Now, we whip out our mobile devices or head to our computers for answers - and we find them fast.

Using Digital Media to Build Your Business and Brand

No matter what size your business is - large or small to medium sized business / enterprise (S M B or S M E) - you can effectively market your business through low-cost digital channels. The foundation of your marketing efforts will be your website. Invest wisely in your website, and be sure that it does the following: 

• Adequately represents your business and brand (look and feel, messaging)

• Adequately speaks to your target audience

• Can be found by searchers on top search engines

• Is up-to-date and easily navigable

• Provides multiple channels for customer communication

• Connects to other marketing efforts

It is recommended that you work with a professional web design firm that is skilled in web development and search engine optimization. Because your website is the foundation to and from which all other digital channels will lead, it should be considered one of your top business investments.

Once you have your website complete, the next steps would be to launch regular monthly or bi-monthly e-mail campaigns, and connect with customers via social media. If you are truly on a shoestring budget, these are efforts that can be done in-house (by someone with the proper knowledge) or for a low cost by an outside digital marketing agency. Be sure that all of your efforts lead customers back to your website where they can fully engage with your business, products and services, and choose the channels through which they contact you.

If you're interested in getting aggressive with search marketing, you can set aside some digital marketing dollars for search engine optimization and pay-per-click advertising. Many businesses today rely heavily on being found online to gain new customers. A common misconception among business owners is that simply having a website means that customers will find it. Not so. Your site must be built with specific key words and phrases, meta data, page content and linking strategies that will help it reach top search rankings.

Because many key words and phrases have stiff competition for top search rankings, you will need to supplement your organic search engine optimization efforts with pay-per-click advertising. Getting established with pay-per-click advertising campaigns can be a little daunting, but with a little time, effort and instruction, that too can be accomplished in-house, or for a reasonable cost through an outside digital marketing agency.

Beyond e-mail, social media marketing and search engine marketing, you can venture into a host of other digital marketing efforts. Mobile advertising, radio, television, electronic billboards and much more are available as marketing outlets. Whatever digital efforts you choose, they should all connect and tie into your foundation - your company website.

If you have the means, a wise investment would be to engage the services of a digital marketing agency to assist in your marketing efforts. Today, many digital agencies offer multiple levels of service to accommodate businesses large and small.

razzinfotech is a digital marketing agency in New Delhi that offers digital marketing services to small to medium sized New Delhi businesses. We are a full-service digital marketing agency in MD providing a host of in-house digital marketing agency services.

10 essential resource sites for web designers

As you may have noticed, not least by typing something into Google and it gleefully revealing that there are 26 million results for your search, there are quite a few websites out there. Unless you’re some kind of immortal, you won’t have time to check out many of them, even in a relatively niche area such as web design. Therefore, we’ve racked our brains to come up with a list of 21 essential sites every web designer should bookmark, unless they’re some kind of idiot—and that’s not you, is it?

1. A List Apart

An online magazine that’s so entrenched in the consciousness of web designers that it’s probably illegal if you don’t read every new issue. With hundreds of incisive articles from the industry’s very best, A List Apart should be your first port of call for in-depth insight and analysis into code, content and design.

2. 24 Ways     

Describing itself as an “advent calendar for web geeks”, 24 ways has since 2005 provided two-dozen web-design articles every December. Topics are varied, but because the contributors are first-rate, even many of the earliest articles remain useful and relevant—24 ways isn’t just for Christmas, you know.

3. Smashing Magazine

Founded in 2006, Smashing Magazine fires web design and development techniques into your brain by way of news, opinion pieces and practical tutorials. It’s also quite fond of lists, making it a handy site for discovering additional resources.

4. siteInspire

5. UX Movement

With UX increasingly a big concern within web design, it pays to keep informed. UX Movement is a blog dedicated to working with UX, providing insight into wireframing and usability concerns relating to forms, hover components and other web-page elements.

6. Search Engine Land

Building a great website isn’t much use if no-one can find it. Search Engine Land provides news about search marketing and search engines, offering hints and tips at boosting your SEO. For securing your position on Google, also check out Google Webmaster Central.

7. W3C

Most web designers will never need to know all the ins and outs that govern web standards, but the W3C website remains an essential place to visit. Not only does it provide access to specifications (including explanations and examples), but it also offers tools such as mark-up and CSS validators.

8. HTML5 Boilerplate

Most projects begin with the same kinds of files, and designers often waste time recreating them from scratch. With HTML5 Boilerplate you can get a head-start with a robust and future-proof HTML/CSS/JavaScript template. HTML5 Reset is another project along similar lines.

9. Dive into HTML5

If you need to get to grips with HTML5, Mark Pilgrim’s book offers excellent commentary on a number of features from the specification. The book is online in its entirety under the CC-BY-3.0 License, but buy a hardcopy if you use the site regularly.

10. CSS3.info

Of late, browsers have become immersed in a battle for supremacy over support for advanced CSS. To that end, the standard is evolving remarkably quickly. CSS3.info enables you to keep track of developments, learn more about properties and modules, and test a browser against CSS selectors.

Html tutorials Overview

HTML - Overview
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used
language to write Web Pages.
 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are
linked together. Thus the link available on a webpage are called
Hypertext.
 As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you
use HTML to simply "mark up" a text document with tags that tell a
Web browser how to structure it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of
documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the
sharing of scientific information between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different
tags available in HTML.
Basic HTML Document
In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML TAGS

HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to
format the content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>.
Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For
example <html> has its closing tag </html> and <body> tag has its closing
tag </body> tag etc.

Above example of HTML document uses following tags:
Tag Description

<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

<html> This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly
comprises of document header which is represented by

<head>...</head> and document body which is represented
by <body>...</body> tags.

<head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep
other HTML tags like <title>, <link> etc.

<title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
document title.

<body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other
HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.
HTML Tutorial
19

<h1> This tag represents the heading.

<p> This tag represents a paragraph.

Web Development Technologies

1. Browsers

Browsers are the interpreters of the web. They request information and then when they receive it, they show us on the page in a format we can see and understand.

• Google Chrome - Currently, the most popular browser brought to you by Google
• Safari - Apple’s web browser
• Firefox - Open-source browser supported by the Mozilla Foundation
• Internet Explorer - Microsoft’s browser. You will most often hear web developers complain about this one.

2. HTML

HTML is a markup language. It provides the structure of a website so that web browsers know what to show.

3. CSS

CSS is a Cascading Style Sheet. CSS let’s web designers change colors, fonts, animations, and transitions on the web. They make the web look good.

• LESS - a CSS pre-compiler to make working with CSS easier and add functionality
• SASS - a CSS pre-compiler to make working with CSS easier and add functionality

4. Programming Languages

Programming languages are ways to communicate to computers and tell them what to do. There are many different programming languages just like there are many different lingual languages (English, Spanish, French, Chinese, etc). One is not better than the other. Developers typically are just proficient at a couple so they promote those more than others. Below are just some of the languages and links to their homepages

• Javascript - used by all web browsers, Meteor, and lots of other frameworks
• Coffeescript - is a kind of “dialect” of javascript. It is viewed as simpler and easier on your eyes as a developer but it complies (converts) back into javascript
• Python -used by the Django framework and used in a lot of mathematical calculations
• Ruby - used by the Ruby on Rails framework
• PHP - used by Wordpress
• Go - newer language, built for speed.
• Objective-C - the programming language behind iOS (your iPhone), lead by Apple
• Swift - Apple’s newest programming language
• Java - Used by Android (Google) and a lot of desktop applications.

5. Frameworks

Frameworks are built to make building and working with programming languages easier. Frameworks typically take all the difficult, repetitive tasks in setting up a new web application and either does them for you or make them very easy for you to do.

• Meteor - a full-stack (front and back end) javascript framework
• Node.js - a server-side javascript framework
• Ruby on Rails - a full-stack framework built using ruby
• Django - a full-stack framework built using python
• Ionic - a mobile framework
• Phonegap / Cordova - a mobile framework that exposes native api’s of iOS and Android for use when writing javascript
• Bootstrap - a UI (user interface) framework for building with HTML/CSS/Javascript
• Foundation - a UI framework for building with HTML/CSS/Javascript
• Wordpress - a CMS (content management system) built on PHP. Currently, about 20% of all websites run on this framework
• Drupal - a CMS framework built using PHP.
• .NET - a full-stack framework built by Microsoft
• Angular.js - a front-end javascript framework.
• Ember.js - a front-end javascript framework.
• Backbone.js - a front-end javascript framework.

6. Libraries 

Libraries are groupings of code snippets to enable a large amount of functionality without having to write it all by yourself. Libraries typically also go through the trouble to make sure the code is efficient and works well across browsers and devices (not always the case, but typically they do).

• jQuery
• Underscore

7. Databases

Databases are where all your data is stored. It’s like a bunch of filing cabinets with folders filled with files. Databases come mainly in two flavors: SQL and NoSQL. SQL provides more structure which helps with making sure all the data is correct and validated. NoSQL provides a lot of flexibility for building and maintaining applications.

• MongoDB - is an open-sourced NoSQL database and is currently the only database supported by Meteor.
• Redis - is the most popular key-value store. It is lighting fast for retrieving data but doesn’t allow for much depth in the data storage.
• PostgreSQL - is a popular open-sourced SQL database.
• MySQL - is another popular open-sourced SQL database. MySQL is used in Wordpress websites.
• Oracle - is an enterprise SQL database.
• SQL Server - is an SQL server manager created by Microsoft.

8. Client (or Client-side)

A client is one user of an application. It’s you and me when we visit http://google.com. Client’s can be desktop computers, tablets, or mobile devices. There are typically multiple clients interacting with the same application stored on a server.

9. Server (or Server-side)

A server is where the application code is typically stored. Requests are made to the server from clients, and the server will gather the appropriate information and respond to those requests.

10. Front-end

The front-end is comprised of HTML, CSS, and Javascript. This is how and where the website is shown to users.

11. Back-end

The back-end is comprised of your server and database. It’s the place where functions, methods, and data manipulation happens that you don’t want the clients to see.

12. Protocols

Protocols are standardized instructions for how to pass information back and forth between computers and devices.

• HTTP - This protocol is how each website gets to your browser. Whenever you type a website like “http://google.com” this protocol requests the website from google’s server and then receives a response with the HTML, CSS, and javascript of the website.
• DDP - is a new protocol created in connection with Meteor. The DDP protocol uses websockets to create a consistent connection between the client and the server. This constant connection lets websites and data on those websites update in real-time without refreshing your browser.
• REST - is a protocol mainly used for API’s. It has standard methods like GET, POST, and PUT that let information be exchanged between applications.

13. API

An API is an application programming interface. It is created by the developer of an application to allow other developers to use some of the application’s functionality without sharing code. Developers expose “end points” which are like inputs and outputs of the application. Using an API can control access with API keys. Examples of good API’s are those created by Facebook, Twitter, and Google for their web services.

14. Data formats

Data formats are the structure of how data is stored.

• JSON - is quickly becoming the most popular data format
• XML - was the main data format early in the web days and predominantly used by Microsoft systems
• CSV - is data formatted by commas. Excel data is typically formatted this way.

Web animations

The popularity of websites that allow members to upload their own movies for others to view has created a growing community of amateur computer animators.^[48] With utilities and programs often included free with modern operating systems, many users can make their own animated movies and shorts. Several free and open source animation software applications exist as well. The ease at which these animations can be distributed has attracted professional animation talent also. Companies such as PowToon and GoAnimateattempt to bridged the gap by giving amateurs access to professional animations as clip art.

The oldest (most backward compatible) web-based animations are in the animated GIF format, which can be uploaded and seen on the web easily.^[49] However, the raster graphicsformat of GIF animations slows the download and frame rate, especially with larger screen sizes. The growing demand for higher quality web-based animations was met by a vector graphics alternative that relied on the use of a plugin. For decades, Flash animations were the most popular format, until the web development community abandoned support for the Flash player plugin. Web browsers on mobile devices and mobile operating systems never fully supported the Flash plugin.

By this time, internet bandwidth and download speeds increased, making raster graphic animations more convenient. Some of the more complex vector graphic animations had a slower frame rate due to complex rendering than some of the raster graphic alternatives. Many of the GIF and Flash animations were already converted to digital video formats, which were compatible with mobile devices and reduced file sizes via video compression technology. However, compatibility was still problematic as some of the popular video formats such as Apple's QuickTime and Microsoft Silverlight required plugins. YouTube, the most popular video viewing website, was also relying on the Flash plugin to deliver digital video in the Flash Video format.

The latest alternatives are HTML5 compatible animations. Technologies such as JavaScript and CSS animations made sequencing the movement of images in HTML5 web pages more convenient. SVG animations offered a vector graphic alternative to the original Flash graphic format, SmartSketch. YouTube offers an HTML5 alternative for digital video. APNG(Animated PNG) offered a raster graphic alternative to animated GIF files that enables multi-level transparency not available in GIFs

See also: Comparison of HTML5 and Flash

Web Design UI And UX

Processes

Template for mobile and desktop app design.

User interface design requires a good understanding of user needs. There are several phases and processes in the user interface design, some of which are more demanded upon than others, depending on the project.^[2] (Note: for the remainder of this section, the word system is used to denote any project whether it is a website, application, or device.)

• Functionality requirements gathering – assembling a list of the functionality required by the system to accomplish the goals of the project and the potential needs of the users.
• User and task analysis – a form of field research, it's the analysis of the potential users of the system by studying how they perform the tasks that the design must support, and conducting interviews to elucidate their goals.^[3] Typical questions involve:
  • What would the user want the system to do?
  • How would the system fit in with the user's normal workflow or daily activities?
  • How technically savvy is the user and what similar systems does the user already use?
  • What interface look & feel styles appeal to the user?
• Information architecture – development of the process and/or information flow of the system (i.e. for phone tree systems, this would be an option tree flowchart and for web sites this would be a site flow that shows the hierarchy of the pages).
• Prototyping – development of wire-frames, either in the form of paper prototypes or simple interactive screens. These prototypes are stripped of all look & feel elements and most content in order to concentrate on the interface.
• Usability inspection – letting an evaluator inspect a user interface. This is generally considered to be cheaper to implement than usability testing (see step below), and can be used early on in the development process since it can be used to evaluate prototypes or specifications for the system, which usually cannot be tested on users. Some common usability inspection methods include cognitive walkthrough, which focuses the simplicity to accomplish tasks with the system for new users, heuristic evaluation, in which a set of heuristics are used to identify usability problems in the UI design, and pluralistic walkthrough, in which a selected group of people step through a task scenario and discuss usability issues.
• Usability testing – testing of the prototypes on an actual user—often using a technique called think aloud protocol where you ask the user to talk about their thoughts during the experience. User interface design testing allows the designer to understand the reception of the design from the viewer's standpoint, and thus facilitates creating successful applications.
• Graphical user interface design – actual look and feel design of the final graphical user interface (GUI). It may be based on the findings developed during the user research, and refined to fix any usability problems found through the results of testing.^[4]Depending on the type of interface being created, this process typically involves some computer programming in order to validate forms, establish links or perform a desired action.^[5]
• Software Maintenance - After the deployment of a new interface, occasional maintenance may be required to fix software bugs, change features, or completely upgrade the system. Once a decision is made to upgrade the interface, the legacy system will undergo another version of the design process, and will begin to repeat the stages of the interface life cycle.^[6]

Requirements[edit]

The dynamic characteristics of a system are described in terms of the dialogue requirements contained in seven principles of part 10 of the ergonomics standard, the ISO 9241. This standard establishes a framework of ergonomic "principles" for the dialogue techniques with high-level definitions and illustrative applications and examples of the principles. The principles of the dialogue represent the dynamic aspects of the interface and can be mostly regarded as the "feel" of the interface. The seven dialogue principles are:

• Suitability for the task: the dialogue is suitable for a task when it supports the user in the effective and efficient completion of the task.
• Self-descriptiveness: the dialogue is self-descriptive when each dialogue step is immediately comprehensible through feedback from the system or is explained to the user on request.
• Controllability: the dialogue is controllable when the user is able to initiate and control the direction and pace of the interaction until the point at which the goal has been met.
• Conformity with user expectations: the dialogue conforms with user expectations when it is consistent and corresponds to the user characteristics, such as task knowledge, education, experience, and to commonly accepted conventions.
• Error tolerance: the dialogue is error tolerant if despite evident errors in input, the intended result may be achieved with either no or minimal action by the user.
• Suitability for individualization: the dialogue is capable of individualization when the interface software can be modified to suit the task needs, individual preferences, and skills of the user.
• Suitability for learning: the dialogue is suitable for learning when it supports and guides the user in learning to use the system.

The concept of usability is defined of the ISO 9241 standard by effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of the user. Part 11 gives the following definition of usability:

• Usability is measured by the extent to which the intended goals of use of the overall system are achieved (effectiveness).
• The resources that have to be expended to achieve the intended goals (efficiency).
• The extent to which the user finds the overall system acceptable (satisfaction).

Effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction can be seen as quality factors of usability. To evaluate these factors, they need to be decomposed into sub-factors, and finally, into usability measures.

The information presentation is described in Part 12 of the ISO 9241 standard for the organization of information (arrangement, alignment, grouping, labels, location), for the display of graphical objects, and for the coding of information (abbreviation, color, size, shape, visual cues) by seven attributes. The "attributes of presented information" represent the static aspects of the interface and can be generally regarded as the "look" of the interface. The attributes are detailed in the recommendations given in the standard. Each of the recommendations supports one or more of the seven attributes. The seven presentation attributes are:

• Clarity: the information content is conveyed quickly and accurately.
• Discriminability: the displayed information can be distinguished accurately.
• Conciseness: users are not overloaded with extraneous information.
• Consistency: a unique design, conformity with user's expectation.
• Detectability: the user's attention is directed towards information required.
• Legibility: information is easy to read.
• Comprehensibility: the meaning is clearly understandable, unambiguous, interpretable, and recognizable.

The user guidance in Part 13 of the ISO 9241 standard describes that the user guidance information should be readily distinguishable from other displayed information and should be specific for the current context of use. User guidance can be given by the following five means:

• Prompts indicating explicitly (specific prompts) or implicitly (generic prompts) that the system is available for input.
• Feedback informing about the user's input timely, perceptible, and non-intrusive.
• Status information indicating the continuing state of the application, the system's hardware and software components, and the user's activities.
• Error management including error prevention, error correction, user support for error management, and error messages.
• On-line help for system-initiated and user initiated requests with specific information for the current context of use.

Research

User interface design has been a topic of considerable research, including on its aesthetics.^[7] Standards have been developed as far back as the 1980s for defining the usability of software products. One of the structural bases has become the IFIP user interface reference model. The model proposes four dimensions to structure the user interface:

• The input/output dimension (the look)
• The dialogue dimension (the feel)
• The technical or functional dimension (the access to tools and services)
• The organizational dimension (the communication and co-operation support)

This model has greatly influenced the development of the international standard ISO 9241 describing the interface design requirements for usability. The desire to understand application-specific UI issues early in software development, even as an application was being developed, led to research on GUI rapid prototyping tools that might offer convincing simulations of how an actual application might behave in production use.^[8] Some of this research has shown that a wide variety of programming tasks for GUI-based software can, in fact, be specified through means other than writing program code.^[9]

Research in recent years is strongly motivated by the increasing variety of devices that can, by virtue of Moore's law, host very complex interfaces.^[10]

Research has also been conducted on generating user interfaces automatically, to match a user's level of ability for different levels of interaction.^[11]

At the moment, in addition to traditional prototypes, the literature proposes new solutions, such as an experimental mixed prototype based on a configurable physical prototype that allow to achieve a complete sense of touch, thanks to the physical mock-up, and a realistic visual experience, thanks to the superimposition of the virtual interface on the physical prototype with Augmented Reality techniques